No study has yet focused on systematically identifying genes that are widely retained in the closest relatives of animals but undetectable in animals themselves.
However, identification of pre-metazoan gene losses may be equally important because they may indicate the context, origins, and constraints associated with new transcription programs. Many post-genomic studies have detailed the evolutionary expansion of eukaryotic transcription factor (TF) families and the emergence of new developmental genes during this major evolutionary transition these genes include those controlling the gastrulation program, which is shared from humans to sponges. Gastrulation, while diverse in form, is a highly regulated re-arrangement and migration of cells producing a layered multicellular body with an internalized “endoderm”-derived digestion system. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are creditedĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.įunding: This study was funded by the National Science Foundation, award: 1239673 (AE), The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.īy the time of the last common ancestor of animals, the uniquely animal process of gastrulation had evolved. Received: AugAccepted: DecemPublished: February 24, 2015Ĭopyright: © 2015 Erives, Fassler.
PLoS ONE 10(2):Īcademic Editor: Suzannah Rutherford, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, UNITED STATES Our analyses lead to the hypothesis that the evolution of gastrulation-based multicellularity in animals led to efficient extraction of nutrients from dietary sources, loss of natural selection for maintenance of energetically expensive biosynthetic pathways, and subsequent loss of their attendant ClpB chaperones.Ĭitation: Erives AJ, Fassler JS (2015) Metabolic and Chaperone Gene Loss Marks the Origin of Animals: Evidence for Hsp104 and Hsp78 Chaperones Sharing Mitochondrial Enzymes as Clients. We present computational and experimental data that are consistent with a joint function for the differentially localized ClpB disaggregases, and with the possibility of a shared client/chaperone relationship between the mitochondrial Fe/S homoaconitase encoded by the lost LYS4 gene and the two ClpBs. These lost genes encode: ( i) sixteen distinct biosynthetic functions ( ii) the two ancestral eukaryotic ClpB disaggregases, Hsp78 and Hsp104, which function in the mitochondria and cytosol, respectively and ( iii) six other assorted functions. Here, we identify twenty-four genetic functions that are retained in fungi and choanoflagellates but undetectable in animals.
Whether loss of genes also co-evolved with this developmental reprogramming has not yet been addressed. The evolution of animals involved acquisition of an emergent gene repertoire for gastrulation.
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